Legendary for her bravery and exploits, Grace O’Malley was an Irish rebel who gained notoriety as the ‘Pirate Queen’ of Ireland at a time when both clans and seas were ruled by men.
Assembling an impressive empire through politics, piracy, seafaring and marriage, her Machiavellian and bloody tactics allowed her to successfully maintain the independence of her territories at a time when much of Ireland was subjected to English rule. Said to be as beautiful as she was formidable, she was known amongst her contemporaries as “the dark lady of Doona” and by her proper name Gráinne ní Mháille.
The wider known ‘Grace’ is the anglicised version, but she is historically remembered in Irish as Gráinne
or Gráinuaile.
The O’Malley Clan were shrewd seafarers who bartered and managed the seas surrounding County Mayo, West Ireland. Born there around 1530, Grace spent her childhood tracing the coast and sailing amongst the islands, particularly Clare Island. Her father was Eoghan Dubhdara Ó Máille
(O’Malley), elected chieftain of the O’Malley Clan, and a man supportive of encouraging all his daughter’s skills rather than just those appropriate to a woman.
By the time she married her first husband, Donal O'Flaherty aged 16, Grace was an adept seafarer, well-educated, and an experienced trader. When Donal was murdered and his castle attacked due to it only being 'protected by a woman’, Grace finally had a chance to show her significant skill and maturity. Driving back the attacking Clan, her counteroffensive was so fierce she was compared to a hen protecting her brood, and the fortress obtained the name "Hen's Castle", as it is still called today. She returned home to the O’Malley stronghold and with her came Donal’s men; voluntarily sworn to allegiance.
This battle was only the beginning of her success. From only one or two ships she eventually formed a fleet, obtained three strongholds, and amassed a large following of fighting men. Demonstrating prowess on land and sea, Grace’s maritime abilities upon the wild Atlantic Ocean gave her great prestige and ultimately solidified her role as chieftain, despite women not being allowed to be elected. Like everything else in her life Grace went by her own rules, and her matriarchy became accepted not only by her own followers, but neighbours; her influence and aptitude for battle and seafaring earning respect amongst her male contemporaries. Said in 1583 to be “by sea as well as by land more than master and mate” to Iron Richard, her husband of the time, it was her leadership, particularly leadership at sea, that sets Grace O’Malley apart from other documented female trailblazers in history.
Later in life Grace found herself fighting for freedom against dominating English magistrates, a rebellion that resulted in incarceration. Grace was near destitute by the time she was released, but hearing of the imprisonment of multiple members of her family, including her own sons, Grace set sail for England to petition directly to the crown. The 1593 meeting with Queen Elizabeth I went surprisingly well, despite various rumours of Grace’s audacity, with nearly all requests being met under the condition Grace would no longer rebel against the crown. Some suggest this surprising result was due to the respect Elizabeth herself had for Grace. By refusing to take the knee, Grace implicated herself to be just as worthy of the title 'Queen' as Elizabeth, an outlook reciprocated by Elizabeth through acknowledgment of their equality as female leaders in an otherwise male-dominated world.
Mystery surrounds the time and place of her death, although many believe it was 1603 (the same year as Elizabeth I) and that she returned to Clare Island. By this time Ireland had fallen into English hands, and the country entered the new century with a revised Anglo face; the Gaelic way of life was disregarded, and with it Grace. With her fiery and non-conformist attitude, Grace did not fit with the Christian and submissive ideals of womanhood. Monks, and later male historians, either scoured her from history or disregarded her success. Yet the figure of Grace still endured to become a symbol of Ireland, a legacy maintained through the legends, folktales and songs of old Ireland.
The O'Malley clan's motto, "Powerful by land and by sea" is an apt description of its formidable heiress, with the tempestuous sea queen an inspiration to all those who choose to live according to their own rules and not others.
Traditional Stories
1) When she was a girl, she rescued a man from a shipwreck and he fell deeply in love with her. They were happily married for a time before a feud began between the O’Malley’s and the MacMahons. During a deer hunt the MacMahons carried out an ambush from which her husband died. Swearing vengeance, Grace used her galleys to strand them on Caher Island; killing many and capturing her husband’s murderer to later be hanged. Unsatisfied, she then sailed to Ballycroy to capture and take over the MacMahon’s family house ‘Doona Castle’.
2) Local legend states that when Grace was young, she wanted to accompany her father on a sailing expedition to Spain. After being told she couldn't go as her long hair would catch in the ship's ropes, she promptly cut it off and, unable to go back on his word, her father let her join. This act earned her the nickname "Gráinne Mhaol"
which means Bald Grace, and demonstrated the rebellious nature for which she would later become famous..
3) Not long after her son Tiobóid Na Long (meaning Tiobóid of the ships) was born at sea, her ship was attacked. Full of fear her crew came to her for help, after which she donned a blanket and two shotguns to rally them together on the top deck. Cursing and dancing on the stern, Grace’s presence confused the attackers, enabling her to shoot their officers and capture the ship.
4) Grace’s talks with the Queen were surrounded by much speculation, but it is said that she was offered the present of a lap-dog, something that was high fashion amongst affluent court ladies. To this offer, Grace bodly replied;
“Heart- burn on the putach (fat animal). He suits an idler like you who has nothing better to do than to be petting a sciortán (tick) like that.”
“You are mistaken”
said the Queen, “I am not an idler. Have I not a large kingdom to manage and govern.”
“Perhaps so,”
replied Grace, “but there are many poor persons in West Mayo with only a small garden who have more to do than you have.”
The video below is the traditional folksong Óró Sé do Bheatha Bhaile,
a defiant rallying song for rebels, and one of the best known ballads to feature Grace O'Malley.